Sex discrimination and same-sex marriage in USA

Northwestern University law professor Andrew Koppelman and I have published an op ed in USA Today explaining why the Supreme court should strike down laws banning same-sex marriage because they discriminate on the basis of sex. The op ed is based on an amicus brief we coauthored on behalf of ourselves and an ideologically diverse group of legal scholars.

Here is an excerpt:

As the Supreme Court considers the constitutionality of laws banning same-sex marriage later this month, few have noticed that the case can easily be resolved under existing precedent.

Laws banning gay marriage are unconstitutional because they discriminate on the basis of gender. If same-sex marriage is forbidden, Anne is allowed to marry Bob, but Charles can’t. Charles is denied the right to marry Bob, solely because Charles is a man. Denial of a legal right solely because of gender is the very essence of sex discrimination.

Laws banning gay marriage discriminate on the basis of gender even more clearly than on the basis of sexual orientation. Anne is still allowed to marry Charles, even if one of them happens to be gay or lesbian. Bob is denied that right whether he is gay or not. The Supreme Court has long held that laws discriminating based on gender must be presumed unconstitutional and invalidated unless the government can prove that they can pass rigorous, heightened judicial scrutiny.

The op ed also rebuts two standard objections to the sex discrimination argument: the argument that laws banning same-sex marriage do not discriminate on the basis of gender because they impose symmetrical burdens
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on both men and women, and claims that these laws do not constitute gender discrimination because they are not motivated by sexism.

As sometimes happens, the headline (which, per usual practice in newspapers, was not drafted by us) does not fully reflect our argument [but see UPDATE below]. Our position is not that sexual orientation is completely irrelevant to the case, but that the sex discrimination rationale for striking down laws banning same-sex marriage is stronger than arguments that focus on sexual orientation discrimination alone.

Terminator Genisys 2015 Movie leaked some video HD

Terminator Genisys is an  2015 American science fiction action film directed by Alan Taylor and written byLaeta Kalogridis and Patrick Lussier. It is the fifth theatrical film in the Terminator series and acts as both a sequel andreboot of the series. Arnold Schwarzenegger reprises his role as the titular character, along with newcomers Jason Clarke, Emilia Clarke, Jai Courtney, Matt Smith, Lee Byung-hun and J. K. Simmons. The film is scheduled to be released by Paramount Pictures on July 1, 2015. In addition to opening in regular theatres, it will also be shown in IMAX.

In 2029, John Connor, leader of the Resistance, continues the war against the machines. At the Los Angelesoffensive, John's fears of the unknown future begin to emerge when John is notified by his army unit, Tech-Com, thatSkynet will attack him from two fronts, past and future, and will ultimately change warfare forever.

On the verge of winning the war against Skynet, Connor sends his trusted lieutenant Kyle Reese back through time to save his mother's life and ensure his own existence. However, Kyle finds the original past changed. In this timeline, a Terminator was sent back in time to kill Sarah Connor as a child and so the Resistance sent their own cyborg back in time to protect her. After the assassin killed her parents, the reprogrammed T-800 raised and trained her to face her destiny which she adamantly tries to reject.

Now, faced with a new mission, Kyle, Sarah and the old ally Terminator, have to escape the T-800 and the recent T-1000 sent by Skynet to kill them, as well as a new and horrific enemy: Kyle and Sarah's own future son, who has been converted into a nanotechnological human-cyborg hybrid. With John Connor finally compromised by Skynet, they must find a way to stop Judgment Day from ever happening; while at the same time trying to stop the sinister GENISYSprogram from going online.

While Terminator Salvation was initially intended to begin a new trilogy, production of a fifth film was halted by legal trouble, as well as The Halcyon Company filing for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11. By late September 2009, the rights to the franchise were once again up for sale as The Halcyon Company tried to emerge from bankruptcy. Late the following month, Halcyon announced it would auction off the rights to future Terminator material and was seeking $60 million to $70 million, although the only offer was made by filmmaker Joss Whedon for $10,000. In December 2009, Halcyon issued a statement saying that it was looking at various options, including sale and refinancing of the rights, with an announcement on the outcome no later than February 1, 2010. On February 8, 2010, an auction was held for the Terminator rights. After studios Sony Pictures and Lions Gate Entertainment bid separately, Pacificor, the hedge fund that pushed Halcyon into bankruptcy, made a deal for $29.5 million. In May 2010, Pacificor hired an agency to sell off the rights to the franchise.^[25]

By August 2010, a new Terminator film was being developed. It was not to be a direct sequel to Salvation, but rather a 3D animated reboot of the series, titledTerminator 3000 and to be shot by Hannover House. However, Pacificor had not given any official license to Hannover House to develop a film.^[26] In February 2011, Universal Studios was considering a fifth Terminator film, with Arnold Schwarzenegger returning in the title role, Justin Lin directing, and Chris Morgan as screenwriter. Within two months, a Terminator project with Schwarzenegger, Lin and producer Robert W. Cort attached, but no screenwriter, was circulating among studios including Universal, Sony, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS Films.

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Avengers: Age of Ultron – Full Cast Part Two

Avengers: Age of Ultron is bringing us a slew of superheroes to the big screen this season. So much so, that we had to break it up into two digestible parts. Slated to play the roles of your favorite Avengers are some familiar favorites, as well as new faces to the franchise.

Avengers: Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team theAvengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's Marvel's The Avengers and the eleventh installment in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Aaron Taylor-Johnson,Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Bettany, Cobie Smulders, Anthony Mackie, Hayley Atwell, Id

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ris Elba, Stellan Skarsgå

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rd, James Spader, and Samuel L. Jackson. In Avengers: Age of Ultron, the Avengers must work together to defeat Ultron, a technological enemy bent on human extinction.

The sequel was announced in May 2012, after the successful release of The Avengers. Whedon, the director of the first film, was brought back on board in August and a release date was set. By April 2013, Whedon had completed a draft of the script, and casting began in June with the re-signing of Downey. Second unit filming began in February 2014 in South Africa with principal photography taking place between March and August 2014. The film was primarily shot at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, with additional footage filmed in Italy, South Korea, Bangladesh, New York, and various locations around England.

Avengers: Age of Ultron premiered in Los Angeles on April 13, 2015, and is scheduled to be released on May 1, 2015, in North America, in 3D and IMAX 3D. Two sequels, Avengers: Infinity War Part 1 and Avengers: Infinity War Part 2, are scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018, and May 3, 2019, respectively. 

The co-leader and benefactor of the Avengers, who is a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention.^[7] On how his character evolves after the events of Iron Man 3, Downey said, "...it kinda reminds me of like all that stuff particularly as you get a little older or if you have any existential queries whatsoever. It's like why aren't I dealing with that which is going to destroy me any second anyway? And then the armor was kind of an extension of that. And also there was just so many suits, but I think he realizes that tweaking and making all the suits in the world – which is what he has been doing – still didn't work for that thing of his tour of duty that left him a little PTSD. So his focus is more on how can we make it so that there's no problem to begin with. That, you know, there's a bouncer at our planet's rope. That's the big idea

An Avenger and the crown prince of Asgard, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.^[9] About Thor's place in the film, Hemsworth said, "Well Thor stayed on Earth from [Thor: The Dark World]. So he's here. He's part of the team. This is his home for the moment. So the initial threat of attack from Ultron is personal. Thor then begins to see a bigger picture about what this threat could potentially be and it begins to tie into all of our films." Commenting on his portrayal of the character, Hemsworth said, "What becomes a challenge is trying to not repeat the same thing all the time. So you've got to work that bit harder to see what else you can do with the character." He added, "...it was just lightening up a bit. It gave us room to kind of make him a little more grounded and human and have him in some civilian clothes and mixing it up at a party. I want to do those scenes more. It's what I loved about the first [Thor film]. There was an innocence and naïveté to him, which as he matured into the king of the second [Thor film] — or the rightful king — we sort of lost a little bit of that." Hemsworth noted that this is the first MCU film in which he did not work closely with Tom Hiddleston. "I was interested to see what was gonna be his conflict or his motivation, because he was sort of driven by that relationship previously. I love working with Tom, and I think there's always room for more Thor and Loki stuff, but it's nice to do something completely different."

 Chris Evans (Steve Rogers / Captain America)

Chris Evans is most known for his role as Captain America in the 2011 and 2014 films and will also star in the 2016 release of Captain America: Civil War, but those certainly aren’t the only places you’ve seen his face. He’s been in the scene for 15 years, but his first big hit was Not Another Teen Movie, followed by several smaller roles. He’s also played a part in other superhero films, including Fantastic Four and Scott Pilgrim vs the World.

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sunny leone's Hots Sex in Mexico

Before working in the porn industry, she first worked at a German bakery,^[14] a Jiffy Lube,^[10] and later a tax and retirement firm.^[15]

Leone at the 2002 Adult Entertainment Expo, one of her earliest promotional appearances

While studying to be a pediatric nurse in Orange County, a classmate who was an exotic dancer introduced Leone to John Stevens, an agent who in turn introduced her to Jay Allen, a photographer for Penthouse magazine.^{[citation needed]} When picking a name for her adult career, she has said that Sunny is her real name and Leone was picked by Bob Guccione, former owner of Penthouse magazine.^[16] She posed for Penthousemagazine, and was named Penthouse Pet of the Month for the March 2001 issue, followed by a feature in the Holiday 2001 edition of Hustlermagazine as a Hustler Honey. She has also appeared in other magazines including Cheri,^[17] Mystique Magazine,^[18] High Society, Swank, AVN Online, Leg World, Club International and Lowrider,^[19][20] while her online credits include ModFX Models,^[21] Suze Randall,^[22] Ken Marcus^[23] and Mac & Bumble.^[24] Her pictorial credits also include working with stars like Adriana Sage, Jenna Jameson, Jelena Jensen and Aria Giovanni.

In 2003, she was named "Penthouse Pet of the Year" and starred in the video Penthouse Pets in Paradise alongside Tera Patrick and Kyla Cole. In 2005 Adam & Eve appointed her as their West Coast Internet Sales Representative.^[25]

That same year, Leone signed a three-year contract with Vivid Entertainment with which she transitioned into the world of hardcore pornography, stating that she would only do lesbian scenes.^[2] Her first movie released was titled Sunny^[26] and was released in December 2005. Her next movie, Virtual Vivid Girl Sunny Leone, was the first interactive title for Leone, who was the first Vivid Girl to make such a movie.^[27] Taking only four days to film,^[14] the movie won her her first AVN Award (Best Interactive DVD). She followed this with Sunny Loves Cher, which featured her first on-screen squirting, and The Female Gardner co-starring Mikayla Mendez and Daisy Marie.

Leone's last two movies under her contract with Vivid were It's Sunny in Brazil, which was filmed in Brazil.^[28] and The Sunny Experiment also starring Monique Alexander and Brea Lynn.^[29] The movies were released in October and December 2007 respectively.

In May 2007, upon re-signing her contract with Vivid for another six films, Leone agreed to perform for the first time with men on camera, but exclusively with her fiancé, Matt Erikson.^[30] That summer she also received breast augmentation,^[31] and shot her first movie under the new contract titled Sunny Loves Matt. The movie led to her to be nominated for three (out of six) AVN awards in 2009 in addition to being a choice for Female Performer of the Year.^[32] She followed up her first boy-girl title with The Other Side of Sunny in October 2008, which would be the last time she would perform with Erikson.

Leone at Vivid booth during the 2008 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo in Las Vegas

In January 2008, Leone revealed that she was no longer exclusive to Erikson, and had done scenes with other actors, most notably Tommy Gunn, Charles Dera, James Deen^[33] and Voodoo.^[34] In 2009, Vivid released her only movie performing with other male actors titled "Sunny B/G Adventure".^[35] Her final release under contract with Vivid – "Undress Me", once again made her exclusive to performing with just one male actor-Daniel Webber.^[36]

In August 2009, she announced the launch of her own studio, Sunlust Pictures, with Daniel Weber as her partner.^[37] With her new venture Leone plans to write, direct and create her own brand of adult movies with Vivid Entertainment as her distributor.^[33] Her first independent production,The Dark Side of the Sun, was released in March 2009, and was debuted at the Erotic Heritage Museum in Las Vegas.^[38] In June 2009, she held a casting call in Las Vegas for her second independent production titled Sunny Slumber Party^[39] (released September 2009).She followed up with three other self produced features Gia Portrait of a Porn Star (2010) which was nominated for multiple AVN awards,^[40] Roleplay (2011) andGoddess (2012) which featured her first anal sex scene.^[41]

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No longer exclusive to Vivid, Leone has started working with other studios and performers since 2009. She has managed to leverage her online popularity by striking deals with firms like PPPcard,^[42] AdultPokerParty.com,^[43] Brickhouse,^[44] Flirt4Free,^[45] Totemcash^[46] and Imlive^[47] to sell and distribute her content over the internet and other media. She won the "Web Babe of the Year" at the 2008 Xbiz Awards.^[48] Her websites and business interests are run under her banner company Leone L.L.C. She indicated in an April 2012 interview that 80 per cent of the traffic on her website, and 60 per cent of her revenue comes from India.^[49]

In addition to her film career, Leone has been part of the Vivid Comedy Tour,^[50] and has modelled for the Vivid Footwear collection.^[51] Leone has also participated in events like the Vivid/ClubJenna Lingerie Bowl^[52] and Vivid's Hot Rod Night.^[53] Doc Johnson launched a pocket pal in 2006 moulded to her vagina,^[54] and in 2008 released the Sunny Leone Exciter vibrator.^[55] Control MFG currently uses Leone's image along with other Vivid girls to market their line of skateboards. She is paired with Gab Ekoe, one of the Team Control riders.^[56] She also indicated that she plans to launch her own line of lingerie and other Sunny-branded products including a diamond jewellery line.^[33]

In September 2009, an iPhone application consisting of a collection of non-nude photos, some videos and a porn star-penned blog^[57] was approved by Apple for sale in the iTunes store, making it the first officially sanctioned application featuring a porn star.^[58] By February 2010, the app had been removed by Apple from the store.^[59]

Leone was voted number 13 (up from number 41 in 2007^[60]) on Genesis magazine's "Top 100 Porn stars" list,^[61] number 34 on Desiclubs.com's Top 50 Coolest Desis of 2004,^[62] and one of the "40 under 40" ranking on AVN Online magazine.^[63] In 2010, she was named by Maxim as one of the 12 top female stars in porn.^[64] She was voted number 82 in the Top 99 Women for 2012 in AskMen.com's list.^[65]